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Background  Aphids are serious pest on crops. By probing with their stylets, they interact with the plant, they vector viruses and when they reach the phloem they start a continuous ingestion. Many plant resistances to aphids have been identified, several have been deployed. However, some resistances breaking down have been observed. In the melon, a gene that confers resistance to aphids has been deployed in some melon-producing areas, and aphid colony development on  Vat -carrying plants has been observed in certain agrosystems. The  Vat  gene is a NBS-LRR gene that confers resistance to the aphid species  Aphis gossypii  and exhibits the unusual characteristic of also conferring resistance to non-persistently transmitted viruses when they are inoculated by the aphid. Thus, we characterized patterns of resistance to aphid and virus using the aphid diversity and we investigated the mechanisms by which aphids and viruses may adapt to the  Vat  gene.    Results  Using a  Vat -transgenic line built in a susceptible background, we described the  Vat - spectrum of resistance to aphids, and resistance to viruses triggered by aphids using a set of six  A. gossypii  biotypes. Discrepancies between both resistance phenotypes revealed that aphid adaptation to  Vat -mediated resistance does not occur only via avirulence factor alterations but also via adaptation to elicited defenses. In experiments conducted with three virus species serially inoculated by aphids from and to  Vat  plants, the viruses did not evolve to circumvent  Vat -mediated resistance.  We confirmed discrepancies between both resistance phenotypes by testing each aphid biotype with a set of thirteen melon accessions chosen to reflect the natural diversity of the melon. Inheritance studies revealed that patterns of resistance to virus triggered by aphids are controlled by different alleles at the  Vat  locus and at least another locus located at a short genetic distance. Therefore, resistance to viruses triggered by aphids is controlled by a gene cluster.    Conclusions  Under the Flor model, changes in the avirulence gene determine the ability of the pathogen to overcome the resistance conferred by a plant gene. The  Vat  gene belongs to a resistance gene family that fits this pest/pathogen–plant interaction, and we revealed an additional mechanism of aphid adaptation that potentially exists in other interactions between plants and pests or pathogens.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0708-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

NBS-LRR-mediated resistance triggered by aphids: viruses do not adapt; aphids adapt via different mechanisms