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Background  Ripening in tomato is predominantly controlled by ethylene, whilst in fruit such as grape, it is predominantly controlled by other hormones. The ripening response of many kiwifruit ( Actinidia ) species is atypical. The majority of ripening-associated fruit starch hydrolysis, colour change and softening occurs in the apparent absence of ethylene production (Phase 1 ripening) whilst Phase 2 ripening requires autocatalytic ethylene production and is associated with further softening and an increase in aroma volatiles.    Results  To dissect the ripening response in the yellow-fleshed kiwifruit  A. chinensis  (‘Hort16A’), a two dimensional developmental stage X ethylene response time study was undertaken. As fruit progressed through maturation and Phase 1 ripening, fruit were treated with different concentrations of propylene and ethylene. At the start of Phase 1 ripening, treated fruit responded to ethylene, and were capable of producing endogenous ethylene. As the fruit progressed through Phase 1 ripening, the fruit became less responsive to ethylene and endogeneous ethylene production was partially repressed. Towards the end of Phase 1 ripening the fruit were again able to produce high levels of ethylene. Progression through Phase 1 ripening coincided with a developmental increase in the expression of the ethylene-unresponsive MADS-box  FRUITFUL- like gene ( FUL1 ). The ability to respond to ethylene however coincided with a change in expression of another MADS-box gene  SEPALLATA4 / RIPENING INHIBITOR -like ( SEP4/RIN ). The promoter of  SEP4/RIN  was shown to be transactivated by EIN3-like transcription factors, but unlike tomato, not by SEP4/RIN itself. Transient over-expression of  SEP4/RIN  in kiwifruit caused an increase in ethylene production.    Conclusions  These results suggest that the non-ethylene/ethylene ripening response observed in kiwifruit is a hybrid of both the tomato and grape ripening progression, with Phase 1 being akin to the  RIN /ethylene inhibitory response observed in grape and Phase 2 akin to the  RIN -associated autocatalytic ethylene response observed in tomato.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-015-0697-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc plant biology

The hybrid non-ethylene and ethylene ripening response in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is associated with differential regulation of MADS-box transcription factors