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Background  Red coloration of fruit skin is one of the most important traits in peach ( Prunus persica ), and it is mainly due to the accumulation of anthocyanins. Three  MYB10  genes,  PpMYB10.1 ,  PpMYB10.2 , and  PpMYB10.3 , have been reported as important regulators of red coloration and anthocyanin biosynthesis in peach fruit. In this study, contribution of  PpMYB10.1 / 2 / 3  to anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit skin was investigated in the Japanese peach cultivars, white-skinned ‘Mochizuki’ and red-skinned ‘Akatsuki’. We then investigated the relationships between allelic type of  PpMYB10.1  and skin color phenotype in 23 Japanese peach cultivars for future establishment of DNA-marker.    Results  During the fruit development of ‘Mochizuki’ and ‘Akatsuki’, anthocyanin accumulation was observed only in the skin of red ‘Akatsuki’ fruit in the late ripening stages concomitant with high mRNA levels of the last step gene leading to anthocyanin accumulation , UDP-glucose:flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase  ( UFGT ). This was also correlated with the expression level of  PpMYB10.1 . Unlike  PpMYB10.1 , expression levels of  PpMYB10.2 / 3  were low in the skin of both ‘Mochizuki’ and ‘Akatsuki’ throughout fruit development. Moreover, only  PpMYB10.1  revealed expression levels associated with total anthocyanin accumulation in the leaves and flowers of ‘Mochizuki’ and ‘Akatsuki’. Introduction of  PpMYB10.1  into tobacco increased the expression of tobacco  UFGT , resulting in higher anthocyanin accumulation and deeper red transgenic tobacco flowers; however, overexpression of  PpMYB10.2 / 3  did not alter anthocyanin content and color of transgenic tobacco flowers when compared with wild-type flowers. Dual-luciferase assay showed that the co-infiltration of  PpMYB10.1  with  PpbHLH3  significantly increased the activity of  PpUFGT  promoter. We also found close relationships of two  PpMYB10.1  allelic types, MYB10.1-1/MYB10.1-2, with the intensity of red skin coloration.    Conclusion  We showed that  PpMYB10.1  is a major regulator of anthocyanin accumulation in red-skinned peach and that it activates  PpUFGT  transcription.  PpMYB10.2 / 3  may be involved in functions other than anthocyanin accumulation in peach. The peach cultivars having two MYB10.1-2 types resulted in the white skin color. By contrast, those with two MYB10.1-1 or MYB10.1-1/MYB10.1-2 types showed respective red or pale red skin color. These findings contribute to clarifying the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation and generating gene-based markers linked to skin color phenotypes.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-015-0664-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The crucial role of PpMYB10.1 in anthocyanin accumulation in peach and relationships between its allelic type and skin color phenotype