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Background   Chrysomela populi  (poplar leaf beetle) is a common herbivore in poplar plantations whose infestation causes major economic losses. Because plant volatiles act as infochemicals, we tested whether isoprene, the main volatile organic compound (VOC) produced by poplars ( Populus  x  canescens ), affects the performance of  C. populi  employing isoprene emitting (IE) and transgenic isoprene non-emitting (NE) plants. Our hypothesis was that isoprene is sensed and affects beetle orientation or that the lack of isoprene affects plant VOC profiles and metabolome with consequences for  C. populi  feeding.    Results  Electroantennographic analysis revealed that  C. populi  can detect higher terpenes, but not isoprene. In accordance to the inability to detect isoprene,  C. populi  showed no clear preference for IE or NE poplar genotypes in the choice experiments, however, the beetles consumed a little bit less leaf mass and laid fewer eggs on NE poplar trees in field experiments. Slight differences in the profiles of volatile terpenoids between IE and NE genotypes were detected by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer revealed genotype-, time- and herbivore feeding-dependent metabolic changes both in the infested and adjacent undamaged leaves under field conditions.    Conclusions  We show for the first time that  C. populi  is unable to sense isoprene. The detected minor differences in insect feeding in choice experiments and field bioassays may be related to the revealed changes in leaf volatile emission and metabolite composition between the IE and NE poplars. Overall our results indicate that lacking isoprene emission is of minor importance for  C. populi  herbivory under natural conditions, and that the lack of isoprene is not expected to change the economic losses in poplar plantations caused by  C. populi  infestation.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-015-0542-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Isoprene emission by poplar is not important for the feeding behaviour of poplar leaf beetles