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Background  Camels possess the characteristics of salt- and drought-resistances, due to the long-time adaption to the living environment in desert. The camel resistance research on transcriptome is rare and deficient, especially reabsorption in renal cortex. Non-coding RNAs are normally considered as the RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins, their current roles remain mostly in regulation of information flux from DNA to protein, further on normal life activities and diseases. In order to reveal the mysterious veil of the post-transcriptional regulation of ncRNAs in renal cortex for the first time as far as we know, we designed and carried out the experiment of salt stress and water-deprivation stress in camel.    Results  By means of RNA-seq in renal cortex of Alxa Bactrian Camel ( Camelus bactrianus ), we identified certain significantly differential RNAs, including 4 novel lncRNAs, 11 miRNAs and 13 mRNAs under salt stress, 0 lncRNAs, 18 miRNAs and 14 mRNAs under water-deprivation stress. By data analysis, the response pathway of post-transcriptional regulation concerning salt and water-deprivation stresses was put forward, involving preventing sodium from entering the cell, purifying of water and compensating neutral amino acids by miR-193b, miR-542-5p interaction with  SLC6A19  mRNA.    Conclusion  Based on the resistance-related lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs, we proposed the post-transcriptional regulation pathway to explain how camels respond to salt and water-deprivation stresses in the ncRNAs regulation level of renal cortex for the first time, thus hoping to provide a theoretical basis for therapy of disease that is similar to high blood pressure in humans.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12867-019-0129-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Key genes differential expressions and pathway involved in salt and water-deprivation stresses for renal cortex in camel