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Background  Bicarbonate-based peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids enhance the migratory capacity and damage-repair ability of human peritoneal mesothelial cells by upregulating AQP1. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms.    Results  Here we used HEK-293T cells to investigate the effect of pH on  AQP1  gene transcription levels. We found that  AQP1  mRNA levels increases with pH. Transfection of HEK-293T cells with luciferase reporter vectors containing different regions of the  AQP1  promoter identified an upstream region in the  AQP1  gene between − 2200 and – 2300 bp as an enhancer required for pH-mediated regulation of  AQP1  expression. Site-directed mutagenesis of this specific promoter region revealed a critical region between − 2257 and − 2251 bp, and gene knock-down experiments and ChIP assays suggested that the Spi-B transcription factor SPIB is involved in pH-mediated regulation of AQP1 expression.    Conclusions  We identified an upstream region in the  AQP1  gene and the transcription factor SPIB that are critically involved in pH-mediated regulation of AQP1 expression. These findings provide the basis for further studies on the pH- and buffer-dependent effects of PD fluids on peritoneal membrane integrity and function.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12867-018-0104-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

pH-mediated upregulation of AQP1 gene expression through the Spi-B transcription factor