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Background  Avian tuberculosis is a chronic and zoonotic disease that affects a wide variety of birds, mammals, and humans. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of  Mycobacterium avium  subsp.  avium  in some domestic birds based on molecular diagnosis, antibiogram profile, and PCR-based detection of  inh A,  rpo B,  rps L, and  otr B antibiotic resistance-related genes.    Methods  A total of 120 fecal samples were collected from small flocks of house-reared domestic birds at Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. The collected samples were processed and subjected to the bacteriological examination. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the recovered isolates was performed using the broth microdilution method for the detection of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The genetic detection of the  IS901 confirmatory gene,  inh A , rpo B,  rps L, and  otr B genes was carried out using PCR.    Results  The frequency of  M. avium  subsp.  avium  was 4.1% (5/120); 10% (4/40) in ducks, and 2.5% (1/10) in geese. The identification of the recovered isolates was confirmed using PCR, where all the tested isolates were positive for  IS901 confirmatory gene. The results of the broth microdilution method revealed that most of the recovered isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) to isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline, and harbored the  inh A , rpo B , rps L, and  otr B genes.    Conclusion  In brief, to the best of our knowledge this is the first report that emphasized the emergence of avian tuberculosis in house-reared domestic birds in Egypt. The emergence of MDR-  M. avium  subsp.  avium  is considered a public health threat. Emerging MDR- M. avium  subsp.  avium  in domestic birds are commonly harbored the  IS901, inh A , rpo B , rps L, and  otr B genes. Azithromycin and clofazimine revealed a promising in-vitro antibacterial activity against  M. avium  subsp.  avium .

Emerging MDR-Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium in house-reared domestic birds as the first report in Egypt