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Background  Accumulating evidence have shown that the intestinal microbiota plays an important role in prevention of host obesity and metabolism disorders. Recent studies also demonstrate that early life is the key time for the colonization of intestinal microbes in host. However, there are few studies focusing on possible association between intestinal microbiota in the early life and metabolism in adulthood. Therefore the present study was conducted to examine whether the short term antibiotic and/or probiotic exposure in early life could affect intestinal microbes and their possible long term effects on host metabolism.    Results  A high-fat diet resulted in glucose and lipid metabolism disorders with higher levels of visceral fat rate, insulin-resistance indices, and leptin. Exposure to ceftriaxone in early life aggravated the negative influences of a high-fat diet on mouse physiology. Orally fed TMC3115 protected mice, especially those who had received treatment throughout the whole study, from damage due to a high-fat diet, such as increases in levels of fasting blood glucose and serum levels of insulin, leptin, and IR indices. Exposure to ceftriaxone during the first 2 weeks of life was linked to dysbiosis of the fecal microbiota with a significant decrease in the species richness and diversity. However, the influence of orally fed ceftriaxone on the fecal microbiota was limited to 12 weeks after the termination of treatment. Of note, at week 12 there were still some differences in the composition of intestinal microbiota between mice provided with high fat diet and antibiotic exposure and those only fed a high fat diet.    Conclusions  These results indicated that exposure to antibiotics, such as ceftriaxone, in early life may aggravate the negative influences of a high-fat diet on the physiology of the host animal. These results also suggest that the crosstalk between the host and their intestinal microbiota in early life may be more important than that in adulthood, even though the same intestinal microbes are present in adulthood.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02263-6.

Dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota in early life aggravates high-fat diet induced dysmetabolism in adult mice