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Background  Lactobacilli are often recognized as beneficial partners in human microbial environments. However, lactobacilli also cause diseases in human, e.g. infective endocarditis (IE), septicaemia, rheumatic vascular disease, and dental caries. Therefore, the identification of potential pathogenic traits associated with lactobacilli will facilitate the prevention and treatment of the diseases caused by lactobacilli. Herein, we investigated the genomic traits and pathogenic potential of a novel bacterial strain  Lactobacillus paracasei  LP10266 which has caused a case of IE. We isolated  L. paracasei  LP10266 from an IE patient’s blood to perform high-throughput sequencing and compared the genome of strain LP10266 with those of closely related lactobacilli to determine genes associated with its infectivity. We performed the antimicrobial susceptibility testing on strain LP10266. We assessed its virulence by mouse lethality and serum bactericidal assays as well as its serum complement- and platelet-activating ability. The biofilm formation and adherence of strain LP10266 were also studied.    Results  Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain LP10266 was allied with  L. casei  and  L. paracasei . Genomic studies revealed two spaCBA pilus clusters and one novel exopolysaccharides (EPS) cluster in strain LP10266, which was sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin, levofloxacin, and imipenem, but resistant to cefuroxime, cefazolin, cefotaxime, meropenem, and vancomycin. Strain LP10266 was nonfatal and sensitive to serum, capable of activating complement 3a and terminal complement complex C5b-9 (TCC). Strain LP10266 could not induce platelet aggregation but displayed a stronger biofilm formation ability and adherence to human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) compared to the standard control strain  L. paracasei  ATCC25302.    Conclusion  The genome of a novel bacterial strain  L. paracasei  LP10266 was sequenced. Our results based on various types of assays consistently revealed that  L. paracasei  LP10266 was a potential pathogen to patients with a history of cardiac disease and inguinal hernia repair. Strain LP10266 showed strong biofilm formation ability and adherence, enhancing the awareness of  L. paracasei  infections.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02253-8.

Characterization of a bacterial strain Lactobacillus paracasei LP10266 recovered from an endocarditis patient in Shandong, China