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Background  The aim was to determine the potential association of the gut microbiota composition, especially the abundance of  Actinobacteria , as well as the differentiation of functional and resistance genes with age (young adults vs elderly subjects) in China.    Results  The patterns of relative abundance of all bacteria isolated from fecal samples differed between young adults and elderly subjects, but the alpha diversity (Chao1  P  = 0.370, Shannon  P  = 0.560 and Simpson  P  = 0.270) and beta diversity (ANOSIM R = 0.031,  P  = 0.226) were not significantly different. There were 3 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathways (carbon metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, and sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis) and 7 antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) (macrolide lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB), tetracycline, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, fosmidomycin, lincomycin, and vancomycin) that showed significant differences between the 2 groups (all  P  < 0.05). The abundance of  Actinomycetes  was enriched (about 2.4-fold) in young adults. Bifidobacteria dominated in both young adults and elderly subjects, with overall higher abundances in young adults ( P  > 0.05). Only the  Bifidobacterium_dentium  species showed significant differences between the 2 groups ( P  = 0.013), with a higher abundance in elderly subjects but absent in young adults.    Conclusions  The present study revealed that there were 3 KEGG metabolic pathways and 7 ARGs as well as enhanced  Bifidobacterium_dentium  species abundance in elderly compared to young subjects.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-020-02068-z.

Comparison of gut microbiota structure and Actinobacteria abundances in healthy young adults and elderly subjects: a pilot study