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Background   Chlamydia trachomatis  is the most common sexually transmitted infection and the bacterial agent of trachoma globally.  C. trachomatis  undergoes a biphasic developmental cycle involving an infectious elementary body and a replicative reticulate body. Little is currently known about the gene expression dynamics of host cell mRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs at different stages of  C. trachomatis  development.    Results  Here, we performed RNA-seq and miR-seq on HeLa cells infected with  C. trachomatis  serovar E at 20 h post-infection (hpi) and 44 hpi with or without IFN-γ treatment. Our study identified and validated differentially expressed host cell mRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs during infection. Host cells at 20 hpi showed the most differential upregulation of both coding and non-coding genes while at 44 hpi in the presence of IFN-γ resulted in a dramatic downregulation of a large proportion of host genes. Using RT-qPCR, we validated the top 5 upregulated mRNAs and miRNAs, which are specific for different stages of  C. trachomatis  development. One of the commonly expressed miRNAs at all three stages of  C. trachomatis  development, miR-193b-5p, showed significant expression in clinical serum samples of  C. trachomatis -infected patients as compared to sera from healthy controls and HIV-1-infected patients. Furthermore, we observed significant upregulation of antigen processing and presentation, and T helper cell differentiation pathways at 20 hpi whereas T cell receptor, mTOR, and Rap1 pathways were modulated at 44 hpi. Treatment with IFN-γ at 44 hpi showed the upregulation of cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, FoxO signaling, and Ras signaling pathways.    Conclusions  Our study documented transcriptional manipulation of the host cell genomes and the upregulation of stage-specific signaling pathways necessary for the survival of the pathogen and could serve as potential biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of the disease.

bmc microbiology

Host cell response and distinct gene expression profiles at different stages of Chlamydia trachomatis infection reveals stage-specific biomarkers of infection