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Background  Symbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria have been associated with a vast variety of physiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences for the host. A wide range of bacterial communities have been found in association with the oriental fruit fly,  Bactrocera dorsalis  (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), an important pest of cultivated fruit in most regions of the world. We evaluated the diversity of gut bacteria in  B. dorsalis  specimens from several populations in Kenya and investigated the roles of individual bacterial isolates in the development of axenic (germ-free)  B. dorsalis  fly lines and their responses to the entomopathogenic fungus,  Metarhizium anisopliae .    Results  We sequenced 16S rRNA to evaluate microbiomes and coupled this with bacterial culturing. Bacterial isolates were mono-associated with axenic  B. dorsalis  embryos. The shortest embryonic development period was recorded in flies with an intact gut microbiome while the longest period was recorded in axenic fly lines. Similarly, larval development was shortest in flies with an intact gut microbiome, in addition to flies inoculated with  Providencia alcalifaciens.  Adult  B. dorsalis  flies emerging from embryos that had been mono-associated with a strain of  Lactococcus lactis  had decreased survival when challenged with a standard dosage of  M. anisopliae  ICIPE69 conidia. However, there were no differences in survival between the germ-free lines and flies with an intact microbiome.    Conclusions  These findings will contribute to the selection of probiotics used in artificial diets for  B. dorsalis  rearing and the development of improved integrated pest management strategies based on entomopathogenic fungi.    Supplementary information   Supplementary information  accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12866-020-02015-y.

bmc microbiology

Influence of inoculated gut bacteria on the development of Bactrocera dorsalis and on its susceptibility to the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae