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Background  Members of the genus  Proteus  are mostly opportunistic pathogens that cause a variety of infections in humans. The molecular evolutionary characteristics and genetic relationships among  Proteus  species have not been elucidated to date. In this study, we developed a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) approach based on five housekeeping genes (HKGs) to delineate phylogenetic relationships of species within the genus  Proteus .    Results  Of all 223  Proteus  strains collected in the current study, the phylogenetic tree of five concatenated HKGs ( dnaJ, mdh, pyrC, recA  and  rpoD ) divided 223 strains into eleven clusters, which were representative of 11 species of  Proteus . Meanwhile, the phylogenetic trees of the five individual HKGs also corresponded to that of the concatenated tree, except for  recA , which clustered four strains at an independent cluster. The evaluation of inter- and intraspecies distances of HKG concatenation indicated that all interspecies distances were significantly different from intraspecies distances, which revealed that these HKG concatenations can be used as gene markers to distinguish different  Proteus  species. Further web-based DNA-DNA hybridization estimated by genome of type strains confirmed the validity of the MLSA, and each of eleven clusters was congruent with the most abundant  Proteus  species. In addition, we used the established MLSA method to identify the randomly collected  Proteus  and found that  P. mirabilis  is the most abundant species. However, the second most abundant species is  P. terrae  but not  P. vulgaris . Combined with the genetic, genomic and phenotypic characteristics, these findings indicate that three species,  P. terrae ,  P. cibarius  and  Proteus  genospecies 5, should be regarded as heterotypic synonyms, and the species should be renamed  P. terrae , while  Proteus  genospecies 5 has not been named to date.    Conclusions  This study suggested that MLSA is a powerful method for the discrimination and classification of  Proteus  at the species level. The MLSA scheme provides a rapid and inexpensive means of identifying  Proteus  strains. The identification of  Proteus  species determined by the MLSA approach plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of  Proteus  infection.

bmc microbiology

Multilocus sequence analysis for the taxonomic updating and identification of the genus Proteus and reclassification of Proteus genospecies 5 O’Hara et al. 2000, Proteus cibarius Hyun et al. 2016 as later heterotypic synonyms of Proteus terrae Behrendt et al. 2015