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Background  Interaction of  C. albicans  with oral bacteria is crucial for its persistence, but also plays a potential role in the infection process. In the oral cavity, it grows as part of dental plaque biofilms. Even though growth and interaction of  C. albicans  with certain bacterial species has been studied, little is known about its biofilm growth in vitro in the simultaneous presence of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The aim was to evaluate the growth of  C. albicans  in polymicrobial biofilms comprising oral Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Further, we also aimed to assess the potential of  C. albicans  in the  Candida -bacteria polymicrobial biofilm to elicit cytokine gene expression and cytokine production from human blood cells.    Results   C. albicans  cell counts increased significantly up to 48 h in polymicrobial biofilms ( p  < 0.05), while the bacterial counts in the same biofilms increased only marginally as revealed by qPCR absolute quantification. However, the presence of bacteria in the biofilm did not seem to affect the growth of  C. albicans . Expression of IL-8 gene was significantly ( p  < 0.05) higher upon stimulation from biofilm-supernatants than from biofilms in polymicrobial setting. On the contrary, TNF-α expression was significantly higher in biofilms than in supernatants but was very low (1–4 folds) in the monospecies biofilm of  C. albicans . ELISA cytokine quantification data was in agreement with mRNA expression results.    Conclusion  Persistence and enhanced growth of  C. albicans  in polymicrobial biofilms may imply that previously reported antagonistic effect of  A. actinomycetemcomitans  was negated. Increased cytokine gene expression and cytokine production induced by  Candida -bacteria polymicrobial biofilms and biofilm supernatants suggest that together they possibly exert an enhanced stimulatory effect on IL-8 and TNF-α production from the host.

Biofilm growth and IL-8 & TNF-α-inducing properties of Candida albicans in the presence of oral gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria