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Background  Bacterial blight of cotton (BBC), which is caused by the bacterium  Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum  ( Xcm ), is a destructive disease in cotton. Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs), encoded by  tal -genes, play critical roles in the pathogenesis of xanthomonads. Characterized strains of cotton pathogenic  Xcm  harbor 8–12 different  tal  genes and only one of them is functionally decoded. Further identification of novel  tal  genes in  Xcm  strains with virulence contributions are prerequisite to decipher the  Xcm -cotton interactions.    Results  In this study, we identified six  tal  genes in Xss-V 2 –18, a highly-virulent strain of  Xcm  from China, and assessed their role in BBC. RFLP-based Southern hybridization assays indicated that Xss-V 2 –18 harbors the six  tal  genes on a plasmid. The plasmid-encoded  tal  genes were isolated by cloning  Bam HI fragments and screening clones by colony hybridization. The  tal  genes were sequenced by inserting a Tn 5  transposon in the DNA encoding the central repeat region (CRR) of each  tal  gene.  Xcm  TALome evolutionary relationship based on TALEs CRR revealed relatedness of Xss-V 2 –18 to MSCT1 and MS14003 from the United States. However, Tal2 of Xss-V 2 –18 differs at two repeat variable diresidues (RVDs) from Tal6 and Tal26 in MSCT1 and MS14003, respectively, inferred functional dissimilarity. The suicide vector pKMS1 was then used to construct  tal  deletion mutants in  Xcm  Xss-V 2 –18. The mutants were evaluated for pathogenicity in cotton based on symptomology and growth  in planta . Four mutants showed attenuated virulence and all contained mutations in  tal2 . One  tal2  mutant designated M2 was further investigated in complementation assays. When  tal2  was introduced into  Xcm  M2 and expressed in  trans , the mutant was complemented for both symptoms and growth  in planta , thus indicating that  tal2  functions as a virulence factor in  Xcm  Xss-V 2 –18.    Conclusions  Overall, the results demonstrated that Tal2 is a major pathogenicity factor in  Xcm  strain Xss-V 2 –18 that contributes significantly in BBC. This study provides a foundation for future efforts aimed at identifying susceptibility genes in cotton that are targeted by Tal2.

Identification of a virulence tal gene in the cotton pathogen, Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum strain Xss-V2–18