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Background   Stenotrophomonas maltophilia  is an emerging nosocomial pathogen that causes infection in immunocompromised patients.  S. maltophilia  isolates are genetically diverse, contain diverse virulence factors, and are variably pathogenic within several host species. Members of the  Stenotrophomonas  genus are part of the native microbiome of  C. elegans , being found in greater relative abundance within the worm than its environment, suggesting that these bacteria accumulate within  C. elegans . Thus, study of the  C. elegans-Stenotrophomonas  interaction is of both medical and ecological significance. To identify host defense mechanisms, we analyzed the  C. elegans  transcriptomic response to  S. maltophilia  strains of varying pathogenicity: K279a, an avirulent clinical isolate, JCMS, a virulent strain isolated in association with soil nematodes near Manhattan, KS, and JV3, an even more virulent environmental isolate.    Results  Overall, we found 145 genes that are commonly differentially expressed in response to pathogenic  S. maltophilia  strains, 89% of which are upregulated, with many even further upregulated in response to JV3 as compared to JCMS. There are many more JV3-specific differentially expressed genes (225, 11% upregulated) than JCMS-specific differentially expressed genes (14, 86% upregulated), suggesting JV3 has unique pathogenic mechanisms that could explain its increased virulence. We used connectivity within a gene network model to choose pathogen-specific and strain-specific differentially expressed candidate genes for functional analysis. Mutations in 13 of 22 candidate genes caused significant differences in  C. elegans  survival in response to at least one  S. maltophilia  strain, although not always the strain that induced differential expression, suggesting a dynamic response to varying levels of pathogenicity.    Conclusions  Variation in observed pathogenicity and differences in host transcriptional responses to  S. maltophilia  strains reveal that strain-specific mechanisms play important roles in  S. maltophilia  pathogenesis. Furthermore, utilizing bacteria closely related to strains found in  C. elegans  natural environment provides a more realistic interaction for understanding host-pathogen response.

bmc microbiology

Identification and characterization of differentially expressed genes in Caenorhabditis elegans in response to pathogenic and nonpathogenic Stenotrophomonas maltophilia