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Background  It has been performed worldwidely to explore the potential of animals that might be a reservoir for community associated human infections of  Clostridioides difficile . Several genetically undistinguished PCR ribotypes of  C. difficile  from animals and human have been reported, illustrating potential transmission of  C. difficile  between them. Pig and calf were considered as the main origins of  C. difficile  with predominant RT078 and RT033, respectively. As more investigations involved, great diversity of molecular types from pig and calf were reported in Europe, North American and Australia. However, there were quite limited research on  C. difficile  isolates from meat animals in China, leading to non-comprehensive understanding of molecular epidemiology of  C. difficile  in China.    Results  A total of 55  C. difficile  were isolated from 953 animal stool samples, within which 51 strains were from newborn dairy calf less than 7 days in Shandong Province. These isolates were divided into 3 STs and 6 RTs, of which ST11/RT126 was predominant type, and responsible for majority antibiotic resistance isolates. All the isolates were resistant to at least one tested antibiotics, however, only two multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates were identified. Furthermore, erythromycin (ERY) and clindamycin (CLI) were the two main resistant antibiotics. None of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin (VAN), metronidazole (MTZ), tetracycline (TET), and rifampin (RIF).    Conclusions  In this study, we analyzed the prevalence, molecular characters and antibiotic resistance of  C. difficile  from calf, sheep, chicken, and pig in China. Some unique features were found here: first, RT126 not RT078 were the dominant type from baby calf, and none isolates were got from pig; second, on the whole, isolates from animals display relative lower resistant rate to these 11 tested antibiotics, compared with isolates from human in China in our previous report. Our study helps to deep understanding the situation of  C. difficile  from economic animals in China, and to further study the potential transmission of  C. difficile  between meat animals and human.

The molecular characters and antibiotic resistance of Clostridioides difficile from economic animals in China