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Background and Aims  To explore the inhibition mechanism of  Saccharomyces boulardii  ( S. boulardii ) on ulcerative colitis (UC) carcinogenesis.    Methods  C57BL/6 mice were treated with azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) to develop a UC carcinogenesis model. The treatment group was lavaged with  S. boulardii  (5 × 10 7  CFU/d) for 12 weeks. The mice were sacrificed and the tumor load in the treatment group was compared with that of a control group. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in colon tissue were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The influence of  S. boulardii  on TNF-α and IL-6 regulation was also investigated using different colon cell lines. Differences in intestinal microbiota in both stool and intestinal mucosa samples were assessed using 16S rDNA sequencing.    Results   S. boulardii  treatment reduced AOM/DSS-induced UC carcinogenesis in mice, as indicated by the reduced tumor load and reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels in vivo, as well its effects on TNF-α and IL-6 activities in vitro. Significant changes in both fecal and mucosal microbiota were observed among the control, the AOM/DSS treated, and AOM/DSS plus  S. boulardii  treated groups. For fecal microbiota, the AOM/DSS treated group was lower in  Lactobacillus , but higher in  Oscillibacter  and  Lachnoclostridium  than the control group. After intervention with  S. boulardii , the percentage of  Bacillus  and  Lactococcus  increased, but  Lachnoclostridium ,  Oscillibacter, Bacteroides,  and  Pseudomonas  decreased. For the intestinal mucosal microbiota, the AOM/DSS treated group was lower in  Bifidobacterium  and  Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014  and higher in  Alloprevotella  than the control group. After  S. boulardii  exposure, the percentage contributions of  Lachnoclostridium  and  Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136  increased.    Conclusions   S. boulardii  effectively reduced UC carcinogenesis in an AOM/DSS induced mice model. This positive result can likely be attributed to the reduction of TNF-α and IL-6 levels or the blockade of their function combined with alterations to the intestinal microbiota.

bmc microbiology

Saccharomyces boulardii alleviates ulcerative colitis carcinogenesis in mice by reducing TNF-α and IL-6 levels and functions and by rebalancing intestinal microbiota