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Background  Despite the importance of the  B. cereus  group as major foodborne pathogens that may cause diarrheal and/or emetic syndrome(s), no study in Tunisia has been conducted in order to characterize the pathogenic potential of the  B. cereus  group. The aim of this study was to assess the sanitary potential risks of 174  B. cereus  group strains isolated from different foodstuffs by detecting and profiling virulence genes ( hblA ,  hblB, hblC ,  hblD ,  nheA ,  nheB ,  nheC ,  cytK ,  bceT  and  ces ), testing the isolates cytotoxic activity on Caco-2 cells and antimicrobial susceptibility towards 11 antibiotics.    Results  The entertoxin genes detected among  B. cereus  isolates were, in decreasing order,  nheA  (98.9%),  nheC  (97.7%) and  nheB  (86.8%) versus  hblC  (54.6%),  hblD  (54.6%),  hblA  (29.9%) and  hblB  (14.9%), respectively encoding for Non-hemolytic enterotoxin  ( NHE) and Hemolysin BL  ( HBL). The isolates are multi-toxigenic, harbouring at least one gene of each NHE and HBL complexes associated or not to  bceT ,  cytK-2  and  ces  genes. Based on the incidence of virulence genes, the strains were separated into 12 toxigenic groups. Isolates positive for  cytK  (37,9%) harbored the  cytK-2 variant.  The detection rates of  bceT  and  ces  genes were 50.6 and 4%, respectively. When bacteria were incubated in BHI-YE at 30 °C for 18 h and for 5 d, 70.7 and 35% of the strains were shown to be cytotoxic to Caco-2 cells, respectively. The cytotoxicity of  B. cereus  strains depended on the food source of isolation. The presence of virulence factors is not always consistent with cytotoxicity. However, different combinations of enterotoxin genetic determinants are significantly associated to the cytotoxic potential of the bacteria. All strains were fully sensitive to rifampicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and gentamycin. The majority of the isolates were susceptible to streptomycin, kanamycin, erythromycin, vancomycin and tetracycline but showed resistance to ampicillin and novobiocin.    Conclusion  Our results contribute data that are primary to facilitate risk assessments in order to prevent food poisoning due to  B. cereus  group.

Toxigenic potential and antimicrobial susceptibility of Bacillus cereus group bacteria isolated from Tunisian foodstuffs