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Background   Salmonella  has been considered as one of the most important foodborne pathogens that threatened breeding industry and public health. To investigate the prevalence and characterization of  Salmonella  isolated from duck farms and a slaughterhouse in Shandong province, a total of 49  Salmonella  strains were isolated from 2342 samples from four duck farms and one duck slaughterhouse in Jinan and Tai’an, Shandong province, China.    Results  Among the isolates,  S . Enteritidis (20/49, 40.8%) and  S . Anatum (10/49, 20.4%) were the most prevalent, and high resistance rates were detected for erythromycin (49/49, 100.0%) and nalidixic acid (47/49, 95.9%). Class I integrons were detected in 17 isolates (34.7%17/49), which contained gene cassettes  aadA7 + aac3-Id (15/17) and  aadA5 + dfrA17  (2/17). Eleven different kinds of resistance genes were detected while  bla  TEM (36/49, 73.5%) was the most prevalent, followed by  sul2 (14/49, 28.6%). Thirteen virulence genes were tested, and all of the strains carried  invA, hilA  and  sipA . Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) results showed that seven sequence types (STs) were identified; ST11 was the most prevalent ST (20/49, 40.8%), followed by ST2441 (10/49, 20.4%). There was a strong correlation between STs and serovars. The results of pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) showed that 39 PFGE patterns were generated from 49  Salmonella  strains. PFGE patterns were mostly diverse and revealed high similarity between the isolates from the same sampling sites.    Conclusions  The presence of  Salmonella  infections among duck farms revealed that ducks could also be potential reservoirs for  Salmonella . The high resistance rates against commonly used antimicrobials suggested a need for more reasonable use of antimicrobials, as well as for investigating substitutes for antimicrobials.

Serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility and genotype profiles of Salmonella isolated from duck farms and a slaughterhouse in Shandong province, China