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Background   Staphylococcus epidermidis  has emerged as an often encountered pathogen responsible for hospital-acquired infections. The aim of present study is to investigate the microbiological characteristic of  S. epidermidis  isolates isolated from sterile specimens and skin in a Chinese tertiary hospital.    Methods  A total of 223 non-duplicate  S. epidermidis  were collected from various sterile specimens of inpatients among 10 years in Wenzhou, China. 106  S. epidermidis  obtained from the skin (urethral orifices) of healthy volunteers. All isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. PCR was used to detect the virulence- and resistance-associated genes and 7 housekeeping genes to determine the sequence types (STs) of selected isolates.    Results  The resistance rates to antimicrobials tested except linezolid and vancomycin and the prevalence of methicillin-resistant  S. epidermidis  (MRSE) of  S. epidermidis  clinical isolates were significantly higher than those among colonized isolates ( P  < 0.05). The positive rates of virulence-associated genes including  aap ,  sesI , ACME- arcA ,  IS256 ,  bhp, altE ,  aae  and  gehD  for  S. epidermidis  clinical isolates were significantly higher than those for colonized isolate ( P  < 0.05). A total of 60 STs including 28 from clinical isolates and 32 from colonized isolates were identified by MLST. A novel, rarely encountered clone, ST466, was found to be the second prevalent clone among clinical isolates. The great majority of the  S. epidermidis  isolates tested (73.86%) belonged to clone complex 2 (CC2). Compared with ST2, ST130, ST20 and ST59 clones, ST466 clone had the highest resistance rate to tetracycline (50.00%), the second highest prevalence of ACME- arcA  (65.00%),  bhp  (30.00%) and  qacA/B  (65.00%), very low prevalence of carriage of  icaA  (0.00%) and biofilm formation (0.00%), the lack of  sesI  and high prevalence of  aap ,  altE  and  aae  (> 90%), which was similar to the characteristics of ST59 clone with one locus difference from ST466. ST466 clone competence with  Staphylococcus aureus  was relatively stronger, relative to ST2, ST20, ST130 and ST59 clones.    Conclusion  Taken together, a high-level of genetic diversity was found between clinical and colonized  S. epidermidis  isolates. A novel ST466 clone with distinct and similar characteristics relative to other prevalent clones, emerging as a prevalent clone in China, should be of major concern.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1523-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc microbiology

Antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence determinants profiles and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates in Wenzhou, eastern China