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Background  Recently, in India, there has been a shift from NDM to OXA48-like carbapenemases. OXA-181 and OXA-232 are the frequently produced variants of OXA48-like carbapenemases. OXA48-like carbapenemases are also known to be carried on transposons such as Tn 1999 , Tn 1999.2  and it is also associated with IS1R carried on Tn 1999 . In India, there are no previous reports studying the association of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) with OXA48-like carbapenemases. The present study was aimed at determining the genetic backbone of OXA48-like carbapenemases to determine the role of MGEs in its transfer and to investigate the Inc plasmid type carrying  bla  OXA48-like .    Results  A total of 49 carbapenem resistant  K. pneumoniae  which included 25 isolates from South India and 24 isolates from North India, were included in the study. Whole genome sequencing using Ion Torrent PGM was performed to study the isolates. OXA-232 was present in 35 isolates (71%). In 19 isolates (39%),  bla  OXA48-like  was associated with MGEs. Insertion sequences such as ISX4, IS1, IS3, IS Kpn 1, IS Kpn 26, IS Kpn 25, IS Spu 2, IS Kox 1, IS 4321R , IS Ec 36, and IS Pa 38; and transposons such as TnAs3 and Tn2, were present. Isolates from northern and southern India belonging to same sequence type (ST) had diverse genetic backbone for  bla  OXA48-like . ST14 isolates from north had IS5 and Tn3 families while from south they had IS1, IS5 and IS630 families. ST231 from north had IS5, IS6 and Tn3 families with  bla  OXA-232  while from south, IS1, IS3 and IS5 families were observed; with IS Kpn 26 being present among isolates from both the regions.  bla  OXA48-like  was predominantly found on ColKP3 plasmid. ST231 was the predominant ST in 22 isolates (45%).    Conclusion  OXA-232 is the predominant variant of OXA48-like carbapenemase with ST231 being the commonest ST of OXA48-like carbapenemase producing  K. pneumoniae  in India. Diverse MGEs have been associated with both  bla  OXA-232  and  bla  OXA-181  which contribute to their spread. The MGEs in the present study are different from those reported earlier. There is no clonal expansion of  bla  OXA48-like  producing  K. pneumoniae  since diverse STs were observed. Monitoring the genetic backbone of OXA48-like carbapenemase is essential to better understand the transmission dynamics of XDR  K. pneumoniae .

Rapidly disseminating blaOXA-232 carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae belonging to ST231 in India: multiple and varied mobile genetic elements