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Background  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant gastrointestinal tumor. In China, CRC is the 5th most commonly diagnosed cancer. The vast majority of CRC cases are sporadic and evolve with the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. There is mounting evidence indicating that gut microbiota and inflammation play important roles in the development of CRC although study results are not entirely consistent. In the current study, we investigated the changes in the CRC-associated bacteria and plasma inflammatory factors and their relationships based on data from a case-control study of Han Chinese. We included 130 initially diagnosed CRC patients, 88 advanced colorectal adenoma patients (A-CRA), 62 patients with benign intestinal polyps and 130 controls.    Results  Fecal microbiota composition was obtained using 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) sequencing. PCOA analysis showed structural differences in microbiota among the four study groups ( P =  0.001, Unweighted Unifrac). Twenty-four CRC-associated bacteria were selected by a two-step statistical method and significant correlations were observed within these microbes. CRC-associated bacteria were found to change with the degree of malignancy. Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and soluble tumor necrosis factor II (sTNFR-II) displayed significant differences among the four study groups and increased with adenoma-carcinoma sequence. The correlations of CRP and sTNFR-II with several CRC-associated microbes were also explored.    Conclusions  CRC-associated species and plasma inflammatory factors tended to change along the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Several CRC-associated bacteria were correlated with CRP and sTNFR-II. It is likely that gut microbiome and inflammation gradually form a microenvironment that is associated with CRC development.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1232-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Changes in gut microbiota and plasma inflammatory factors across the stages of colorectal tumorigenesis: a case-control study