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Background  Alleviating arsenic (As) contamination is a high-priority environmental issue. Hyperaccumulator plants may harbor endophytic bacteria able to detoxify As. Therefore, we investigated the distribution, diversity, As (III) resistance levels, and resistance-related functional genes of arsenite-resistant bacterial endophytes in  Pteris vittata  L. growing in a lead-zinc mining area with different As contamination levels.    Results  A total of 116 arsenite-resistant bacteria were isolated from roots of  P. vittata  with different As concentrations. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of representative isolates, the isolates belonged to  Proteobacteria ,  Actinobacteria , and  Firmicutes . Major genera found were  Agrobacterium ,  Stenotrophomonas ,  Pseudomonas ,  Rhodococcus , and  Bacillus . The most highly arsenite-resistant bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration > 45 mM) were isolated from  P. vittata  with high As concentrations and belonged to the genera  Agrobacterium  and  Bacillus . The strains with high As tolerance also showed high levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production and carried  arsB / ACR3(2)  genes. The  arsB  and  ACR3 ( 2 ) were most likely horizontally transferred among the strains.    Conclusion  The results of this study suggest that  P. vittata  plants with high As concentrations may select diverse arsenite-resistant bacteria; this diversity might, at least partly, be a result of horizontal gene transfer. These diverse endophytic bacteria are potential candidates to enhance phytoremediation techniques.

Genetic diversity and characterization of arsenic-resistant endophytic bacteria isolated from Pteris vittata, an arsenic hyperaccumulator