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Background  A remarkable exception to the large genetic diversity often observed for bacteriophages infecting a specific bacterial host was found for the  Cutibacterium acnes  (formerly  Propionibacterium acnes ) phages, which are highly homogeneous. Phages infecting the related species, which is also a member of the Propionibacteriaceae family,  Propionibacterium freudenreichii , a bacterium used in production of Swiss-type cheeses, have also been described and are common contaminants of the cheese manufacturing process. However, little is known about their genetic composition and diversity.    Results  We obtained seven independently isolated bacteriophages that infect  P. freudenreichii  from Swiss-type cheese samples, and determined their complete genome sequences. These data revealed that all seven phage isolates are of similar genomic length and GC% content, but their genomes are highly diverse, including genes encoding the capsid, tape measure, and tail proteins. In contrast to  C. acnes  phages, all  P. freudenreichii  phage genomes encode a putative integrase protein, suggesting they are capable of lysogenic growth. This is supported by the finding of related prophages in some  P. freudenreichii  strains. The seven phages could further be distinguished as belonging to two distinct genomic types, or ‘clusters’, based on nucleotide sequences, and host range analyses conducted on a collection of  P. freudenreichii  strains show a higher degree of host specificity than is observed for the  C. acnes  phages.    Conclusions  Overall, our data demonstrate  P. freudenreichii  bacteriophages are distinct from  C. acnes  phages, as evidenced by their higher genetic diversity, potential for lysogenic growth, and more restricted host ranges. This suggests substantial differences in the evolution of these related species from the Propionibacteriaceae family and their phages, which is potentially related to their distinct environmental niches.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1159-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc microbiology

Complete genomic sequences of Propionibacterium freudenreichii phages from Swiss cheese reveal greater diversity than Cutibacterium (formerly Propionibacterium) acnes phages