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Background    B. cereus  are of particular interest in food safety and public health because of their capacity to cause food spoilage and disease through the production of various toxins. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, virulence factor genes and antibiotic resistance profile of  B. cereus sensu lato  isolated from cattle grazing soils and dairy products in Ghana. A total of 114 samples made up of 25 soil collected from cattle grazing farm land, 30 raw milk, 28  nunu  (yoghurt-like product) and 31  woagashie  (West African soft cheese). Ninety-six  B. cereus sensu lato  isolates from 54 positive samples were screened by PCR for the presence of 8 enterotoxigenic genes ( hblA ,  hblC ,  hblD ,  nheA ,  nheB ,  nheC ,  cytK  and  entFM ), and one emetic gene ( ces ). Phenotypic resistance to 15 antibiotics were also determined for 96  B. cereus sensu lato  isolates.    Results  About 72% (18 of 25 soil), 47% (14 of 30 raw milk), 35% (10 of 28 nunu) and 39% (12 of 31 woagashi) were positive for  B. cereus sensu lato  with mean counts (log 10  cfu/g) of 4.2 ± 1.8, 3.3 ± 2.0, 1.8 ± 1.4 and 2.6 ± 1.8 respectively. The distribution of enterotoxigenic genes revealed that 13% (12/96 isolates) harboured all three gene encoding for haemolytic enterotoxin HBL complex genes ( hblA ,  hblC  and  hblD ), 25% (24/96 isolates) possessed no HBL gene, whereas 63% (60/96 isolates) possessed at least one of the three HBL genes. All three genes encoding for non-haemolytic enterotoxin ( nheA ,  nheB  and  nheC ) were detected in 60% (57/96) isolates, 14% (13/96) harboured only one gene, 19% (18/96) whereas 8% possessed none of the NHE genes. The detection rates of  cytk ,  entFM , and  ces  genes were 75, 67 and 9% respectively.  Bacillus cereus s. l . isolates were generally resistant to β-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin (98%), oxacillin (92%), penicillin (100%), amoxicillin (100%), and cefepime (100%) but susceptible to other antibiotics tested.    Conclusions    Bacillus cereus s. l.  is prevalent in soil, raw milk and dairy products in Ghana. However, loads are at levels considered to be safe for consumption. Various enterotoxin genes associated with virulence of  B. cereus  are widespread among the isolates.

Prevalence, virulence factor genes and antibiotic resistance of Bacillus cereus sensu lato isolated from dairy farms and traditional dairy products