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Background  The genus  Brachyspira  currently encompasses seven valid species that colonize the intestines of mammals and birds. In a previous study a group of strongly haemolytic isolates from pigs and mallards was provisionally described as a new species within genus  Brachyspira , “ B. suanatina ”, and enteropathogenic properties were demonstrated in a porcine challenge model.    Methods  In the current study characterization of  B. suanatina  was performed on the basis of cell morphology, growth characteristics, enzyme profiles, DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) and whole genome comparisons. The draft genome sequence of  B. suanatina  strain AN4859/03 was determined and compared with the available genomes of all valid species of  Brachyspira .    Results  According to morphological traits, growth characteristics and enzymatic profiles,  B. suanatina  was similar to the type strain of  B. hyodysenteriae , but using the recommended threshold value of 70 % similarity by DDH it did not belong to any of the recognized  Brachyspira  species (range 16–64 % similarity). This was further supported by average nucleotide identity values. Phylogenetic analysis performed using housekeeping genes and core genomes of all valid  Brachyspira  sp. and “ B. hampsonii ” revealed that  B. suanatina  and  B. intermedia  formed a clade distinct from  B. hyodysenteriae . By comparing the genomes of the three closely related species  B. intermedia ,  B. hyodysenteriae  and  B. suanatina  similar profiles of general genomic features and distribution of genes in different functional categories were obtained. However, the genome size of  B. hyodysenteriae  was smallest among the species, suggesting the possibility of reductive evolution in the divergence of this species. A bacteriophage region and a putative plasmid sequence were also found in the genome of  B. suanatina  strain AN4859/03.    Conclusions  The results of our study suggest that despite being similar to  B. hyodysenteriae  phenotypically,  B. suanatina  should be regarded as a separate species based on its genetic characteristics. Based on characteristics presented in this report we propose that strains AN4859/03, AN1681:1/04, AN2384/04 and Dk12570-2 from pigs in Sweden and Denmark, and strains AN3949:2/02 and AN1418:2/01 isolated from mallards in Sweden, represent a unique species within genus  Brachyspira . For this new species we propose the name  B. suanatina  for which the type strain is AN4859/03 T  (=ATCC® BAA-2592™ = DSM 100974 T ).    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0537-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Brachyspira suanatina sp. nov., an enteropathogenic intestinal spirochaete isolated from pigs and mallards: genomic and phenotypic characteristics