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Background   Lactobacillus ruminis  is a motile  Lactobacillus  that is autochthonous to the human gut, and which may also be isolated from other mammals. Detailed characterization of  L. ruminis  has previously been restricted to strains of human and bovine origin. We therefore sought to expand our bio-bank of strains to identify and characterise isolates of porcine and equine origin by comparative genomics.    Results  We isolated five strains from the faeces of horses and two strains from pigs, and compared their motility, biochemistry and genetic relatedness to six human isolates and three bovine isolates including the type strain 27780 T . Multilocus sequence typing analysis based on concatenated sequence data for six individual loci separated the 16  L. ruminis  strains into three clades concordant with human, bovine or porcine, and equine sources. Sequencing the genomes of four additional strains of human, bovine, equine and porcine origin revealed a high level of genome synteny, independent of the source animal. Analysis of carbohydrate utilization, stress survival and technological robustness in a combined panel of sixteen  L. ruminis  isolates identified strains with optimal survival characteristics suitable for future investigation as candidate probiotics. Under laboratory conditions, six human isolates of  L. ruminis  tested were aflagellate and non-motile, whereas all 10 strains of bovine, equine and porcine origin were motile. Interestingly the equine and porcine strains were hyper-flagellated compared to bovine isolates, and this hyper-flagellate phenotype correlated with the ability to swarm on solid medium containing up to 1.8% agar. Analysis by RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR identified genes for the biosynthesis of flagella, genes for carbohydrate metabolism and genes of unknown function that were differentially expressed in swarming cells of an equine isolate of  L. ruminis .    Conclusions  We suggest that  Lactobacillus ruminis  isolates have potential to be used in the functional food industry. We have also identified a MLST scheme able to distinguish between strains of  L. ruminis  of different origin. Genes for non-digestible oligosaccharide metabolism were identified with a putative role in swarming behaviour.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0403-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Lactobacillus ruminis strains cluster according to their mammalian gut source