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Background  Melioidosis is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and is caused by the Gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogen  Burkholderia pseudomallei . Diagnosis of melioidosis is often difficult because of the protean clinical presentation of the disease, and it may mimic other diseases, such as tuberculosis. There are many different strains of  B. pseudomallei  that have been isolated from patients with melioidosis, but it was not clear if they could cause a similar disease in a chronic BALB/c murine model of melioidosis. Hence, we wanted to examine chronically infected mice exposed to different strains of  B. pseudomallei  to determine if there were differences in the host immune response to the pathogen.    Results  We identified common host immune responses exhibited in chronically infected BALB/c mice, although there was some heterogeneity in the host response in chronically infected mice after exposure to different strains of  B. pseudomallei . They all displayed pyogranulomatous lesions in their spleens with a large influx of monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils identified by flow cytometry. Sera from chronically infected mice by ELISA exhibited elevated IgG titers to the pathogen, and we detected by Luminex micro-bead array technology a significant increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, KC, and MIG. By immunohistochemical and in situ RNA hybridization analysis we found that the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ) was confined primarily to the area with the pathogen within pyogranulomatous lesions. We also found that cultured splenocytes from chronically infected mice could express IFN-γ, TNF-α, and MIP-1α ex vivo without the need for additional exogenous stimulation. In addition by flow cytometry, we detected significant amounts of intracellular expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ without a protein transport blocker in monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils but not in CD4 +  or CD8 +  T cells in splenocytes from chronically infected mice.    Conclusion  Taken together the common features we have identified in chronically infected mice when 10 different human clinical strains of  B. pseudomallei  were examined could serve as biomarkers when evaluating potential therapeutic agents in mice for the treatment of chronic melioidosis in humans.

bmc immunology

Dysregulation of TNF-α and IFN-γ expression is a common host immune response in a chronically infected mouse model of melioidosis when comparing multiple human strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei