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Background  Measles outbreaks have threatened the global elimination and eradication of measles in recent years. Measles virus (MeV)-specific antibodies are successful in clearing MeV infection. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a crucial role in promoting antibody production. This study investigated the potential role of Tfh cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from children with acute MeV infection.    Results  The frequencies of CXCR5 + CD4 +  Tfh, ICOS high  Tfh, and PD-1 high  Tfh cells in PBMCs and levels of IL-6 and IL-21 in plasma were significantly elevated in patients with acute MeV infection. Moreover, a positive correlation was discovered among the frequency of ICOS high  Tfh cells, plasma levels of IL-21 and optical density ( OD ) values of MeV-specific IgM antibodies in the patients with acute MeV infection. However, elevated plasma MeV-specific NAb titres were not associated with the frequency of Tfh, ICOS high  Tfh, or PD-1 high  Tfh cells in the patients with acute MeV infection.    Conclusion  These results suggest that an elevated Tfh cell frequency and associated molecules possibly play a key role in children with acute MeV infection, which contributes to the prevention and treatment of MeV infection in children.

Elevated expansion of follicular helper T cells in peripheral blood from children with acute measles infection