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Background The genus  Tulotis  has been classified into the genus  Platanthera  in the present taxonomic studies since the morphological characteristics of this genus is very similar to that of  Platanthera .  Platanthera ussuriensis , formerly named as  Tulotis ussuriensis , is a small terrestrial orchid species and has been listed as wild plant under State protection (category II) in China. An improved understanding of the genomic information will enable future applications of conservation strategy as well as phylogenetic studies for this rare orchid species. The objective of this research was to characterize and compare the chloroplast genome of  P. ussuriensis  with other closely related species of Orchidaceae. Results The chloroplast genome sequence of  P. ussuriensis  is 155,016 bp in length, which included a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 26,548 bp that separated a large single copy (LSC) region of 83,984 bp and a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,936 bp. The annotation contained a total of 132 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. The simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis showed that there were 104 SSRs in the chloroplast genome of  P. ussuriensis . RNA editing sites recognition indicated 72 RNA editing events occurred, and all codon changes were C to T conversions. Comparative genomics showed that the chloroplast sequence of  Platanthera  related species were relatively conserved, while there were still some high variation regions that could be used as molecular markers. Moreover,  Platanthera  related species showed similar IR/SSC and IR/LSC borders. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that  P. ussuriensis  had a closer evolutionary relationship with  P. japonica  followed by the remaining  Platanthera  species. Conclusion Orchidaceae is a key group of biodiversity protection and also a hot spot group in the plant taxonomy and evolution studies due to their characteristics of high specialization and rapid evolution. This research determined the complete chloroplast genome of  P. ussuriensis  for the first time, and compared the sequence with other closely related orchid species. These results provide a foundation for future genomic and molecular evolution of the Orchidaceae species, and provide insights into the development of conservation strategy for  Platanthera  species.

Structural characterization of Platanthera ussuriensis chloroplast genome and comparative analyses with other species of Orchidaceae