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Background Coilia nasus  is an important anadromous fish, widely distributed in China, Japan, and Korea. Based on morphological and ecological researches of  C. nasus , two ecotypes were identified. One is the anadromous population (AP). The sexually mature fish run thousands of kilometers from marine to river for spawning. Another one is the resident population which cannot migrate. Based on their different habitats, they were classified into landlocked population (LP) and sea population (SP) which were resident in the freshwater lake and marine during the entire lifetime, respectively. However, they have never been systematically studied. Moreover,  C. nasus  is declining sharply due to overfishing and pollution recently. Therefore, further understandings of  C. nasus  populations are needed for germplasm protection. Results Whole-genome resequencing of AP, LP, and SP were performed to enrich the understanding of different populations of  C. nasus . At the genome level, 3,176,204, 3,307,069, and 3,207,906 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1,892,068, 2,002,912, and 1,922,168 insertion/deletion polymorphisms (InDels) were generated in AP, LP, and SP, respectively. Selective sweeping analysis showed that 1022 genes were selected in AP vs LP; 983 genes were selected in LP vs SP; 116 genes were selected in AP vs SP. Among them, selected genes related to immune, vision, migration, and osmoregulation were identified. Furthermore, their expression profiles were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression levels of selected genes related to immune, and vision in LP were significantly lower than AP and SP. Selected genes related to migration in AP were expressed significantly more highly than LP. Expression levels of selected genes related to osmoregulation were also detected. The expression of  NKAα  and  NKCC1  in LP were significantly lower than SP, while expression of  NCC ,  SLC4A4 ,  NHE3 ,  and V-ATPase  in LP was significantly higher than SP. Conclusions Combined to life history of  C. nasus  populations, our results revealed that the molecular mechanisms of their differences of immune, vision, migration, and osmoregulation. Our findings will provide a further understanding of different populations of  C. nasus  and will be beneficial for wild  C. nasus  protection.

bmc genomics

Whole-genome resequencing of three Coilia nasus population reveals genetic variations in genes related to immune, vision, migration, and osmoregulation