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Background  Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolases (XTH) can disrupt and reconnect the xyloglucan chains, modify the cellulose-xyloglucan complex structure in the cell wall to reconstruct the cell wall. Previous studies have reported that XTH plays a key role in the aluminum (Al) tolerance of tea plants ( Camellia sinensis ), which is a typical plant that accumulates Al and fluoride (F), but its role in F resistance has not been reported.    Results  Here, 14  CsXTH  genes were identified from  C. sinensis  and named as  CsXTH1–14 . The phylogenetic analysis revealed that CsXTH members were divided into 3 subclasses, and conserved motif analysis showed that all these members included catalytic active region. Furthermore, the expressions of all  CsXTH  genes showed tissue-specific and were regulated by Al 3+  and F −  treatments.  CsXTH1 ,  CsXTH4 ,  CsXTH6 – 8  and  CsXTH11–14  were up-regulated under Al 3+  treatments;  CsXTH1–10  and  CsXTH12–14  responded to different concentrations of F −  treatments. The content of xyloglucan oligosaccharide determined by immunofluorescence labeling increased to the highest level at low concentrations of Al 3+  or F −  treatments (0.4 mM Al 3+  or 8 mg/L F − ), accompanying by the activity of XET (Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase) peaked.    Conclusion  In conclusion, CsXTH activities were regulated by Al or F via controlling the expressions of  CsXTH  genes and the content of xyloglucan oligosaccharide in  C. sinensis  roots was affected by Al or F, which might finally influence the elongation of roots and the growth of plants.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08056-5.

bmc genomics

Identification and response analysis of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolases (XTH) family to fluoride and aluminum treatment in Camellia sinensis