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Background  Trees such as  Populus  are planted extensively for reforestation and afforestation. However, their successful establishment greatly depends upon ambient environmental conditions and their relative resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a ubiquitous metalloproteinase in plants, which plays crucial roles in mediating plant resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. Although the whole genome sequence of  Populus trichocarpa  has long been published, little is known about the  PPO  genes in  Populus , especially those related to drought stress, mechanical damage, and insect feeding. Additionally, there is a paucity of information regarding hormonal responses at the whole genome level.    Results  A genome-wide analysis of the poplar PPO family was performed in the present study, and 18  PtrPPO  genes were identified. Bioinformatics and qRT-PCR were then used to analyze the gene structure, phylogeny, chromosomal localization, gene replication,  cis -elements, and expression patterns of  PtrPPOs . Sequence analysis revealed that two-thirds of the  PtrPPO  genes lacked intronic sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all  PPO  genes were categorized into 11 groups, and woody plants harbored many  PPO  genes. Eighteen  PtrPPO  genes were disproportionally localized on 19 chromosomes, and 3 pairs of segmented replication genes and 4 tandem repeat genomes were detected in poplars.  Cis -acting element analysis identified numerous growth and developmental elements, secondary metabolism processes, and stress-related elements in the promoters of different PPO members. Furthermore,  PtrPPO  genes were expressed preferentially in the tissues and fruits of young plants. In addition, the expression of some  PtrPPOs  could be significantly induced by polyethylene glycol, abscisic acid, and methyl jasmonate, thereby revealing their potential role in regulating the stress response. Currently, we identified potential upstream TFs of  PtrPPOs  using bioinformatics.    Conclusions  Comprehensive analysis is helpful for selecting candidate  PPO  genes for follow-up studies on biological function, and progress in understanding the molecular genetic basis of stress resistance in forest trees might lead to the development of genetic resources.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08028-9.

bmc genomics

Genome-wide investigation and expression profiling of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) family genes uncover likely functions in organ development and stress responses in Populus trichocarpa