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Background  The tiger frog ( Hoplobatrachus rugulosus ) is listed as a national Class II protected species in China. In the context of global warming, the sex ratio of amphibians will be affected, and the development of the population will be limited. Therefore, considering the potential for a decrease in the number of amphibians, studying sex evolution and molecular regulation of gonadal development in  H. rugulosus , phenomenon that are currently unclear, is of great significance.    Results  Here,  H. rugulosus  was used to explore the mechanisms regulating gonadal development in amphibians. Illumina HiSeq 3000 was used to sequence the gonadal transcriptome of male and female  H. rugulosus  at tw o  growth stages to identify genes related to gonadal development and analyze expression differences in the gonads. This analysis indicated that  cyp17α ,  hsd3β ,  hsd11β1 ,  cyp19α , and  hsd17β12  perform vital functions in sex development in amphibians. Specifically, the expression of  cyp3α ,  cyp17α ,  hsd3β ,  hsd11β1 ,  sox2 ,  sox9 ,  sox30 ,  soat ,  cyp19α ,  hsd17β12 , and  hspα1s  was correlated with gonadal development and differentiation in  H. rugulosus , as determined using the quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.    Conclusion  Significant differences were found in the gonadal gene expression levels in  H. rugulosus  of both sexes, and we identified a steroid hormone synthesis pathway in this species and analyzed related gene expression, but the changes during sex differentiation were still unclear. To our knowledge, this report presents the first analysis of the  H. rugulosus  gonadal transcriptome and lays the foundation for future research.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07879-6.

Analyzing the gonadal transcriptome of the frog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus to identify genes involved in sex development