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Background  With the rapid increase in the amount of Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) data, the establishment of an event-centered PPI ontology that contains temporal and spatial vocabularies is urgently needed to clarify PPI biological annotations. In this paper, we propose a precisely designed schema - PPIO (PPI Ontology) for representing the biological context of PPIs.    Results  Inspired by the event model and the distinct characteristics of PPI events, PPIO consists of six core aspects of the information required for reporting a PPI event, including the interactor (who), the biological process (when), the subcellular location (where), the interaction type (how), the biological function (what) and the detection method (which). PPIO is implemented through the integration of appropriate terms from the corresponding vocabularies/ontologies, e.g., Gene Ontology, Protein Ontology, PSI-MI/MOD, etc. To assess PPIO, an approach based on PPIO in developed to extract PPI biological annotations from an open standard corpus “BioCreAtIvE-PPI”. The experiment results demonstrate PPIO’s high performance, a precision of 0.69, a recall of 0.72 and an F-score of 0.70.    Conclusions  PPIO is a well-constructed essential ontology in the interpretation of PPI biological context. The results of the experiments conducted on the BioCreAtIvE corpus demonstrate that PPIO is able to facilitate PPI annotation extraction from biomedical literature effectively and enrich essential annotation for PPIs.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07827-4.

The protein-protein interaction ontology: for better representing and capturing the biological context of protein interaction