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Background  Sucrose nonfermenting-1 (SNF1)-related protein kinases (SnRKs) play important roles in regulating metabolism and stress responses in plants, providing a conduit for crosstalk between metabolic and stress signalling, in some cases involving the stress hormone, abscisic acid (ABA). The burgeoning and divergence of the plant gene family has led to the evolution of three subfamilies,  SnRK1 ,  SnRK2  and  SnRK3 , of which  SnRK2  and  SnRK3  are unique to plants. Therefore, the study of SnRKs in crops may lead to the development of strategies for breeding crop varieties that are more resilient under stress conditions. In the present study, we describe the  SnRK  gene family of barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), the widespread cultivation of which can be attributed to its good adaptation to different environments.    Results  The barley  HvSnRK  gene family was elucidated in its entirety from publicly-available genome data and found to comprise 50 genes. Phylogenetic analyses assigned six of the genes to the  HvSnRK1  subfamily, 10 to  HvSnRK2  and 34 to  HvSnRK3 . The search was validated by applying it to Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) and rice ( Oryza sativa ) genome data, identifying 50  SnRK  genes in rice (four  OsSnRK1 , 11  OsSnRK2  and 35  OsSnRK3 ) and 39 in Arabidopsis (three  AtSnRK1 , 10  AtSnRK2  and 26  AtSnRK3 ). Specific motifs were identified in the encoded barley proteins, and multiple putative regulatory elements were found in the gene promoters, with light-regulated elements (LRE), ABA response elements (ABRE) and methyl jasmonate response elements (MeJa) the most common. RNA-seq analysis showed that many of the  HvSnRK  genes responded to ABA, some positively, some negatively and some with complex time-dependent responses.    Conclusions  The barley  HvSnRK  gene family is large, comprising 50 members, subdivided into  HvSnRK1  (6 members),  HvSnRK2  (10 members) and  HvSnRK3  (34 members), showing differential positive and negative responses to ABA.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07601-6.

bmc genomics

Genome-wide identification of sucrose nonfermenting-1-related protein kinase (SnRK) genes in barley and RNA-seq analyses of their expression in response to abscisic acid treatment