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Background  In many insect species, the larvae/nymphs are unable to disperse far from the oviposition site selected by adults. The Sakhalin pine sawyer  Monochamus saltuarius  (Gebler) is the newly discovered insect vector of the pine wood nematode ( Bursaphelenchus xylophilus ) in China. Adult  M. saltuarius  prefers to oviposit on the host plant  Pinus koraiensis , rather than  P. tabuliformis . However, the genetic basis of adaptation of the larvae of  M. saltuarius  with weaken dispersal ability to host environments selected by the adult is not well understood.    Results  In this study, the free amino and fatty acid composition and content of the host plants of  M. saltuarius  larvae, i.e.,  P. koraiensis  and  P. tabuliformis  were investigated .  Compared with  P. koraiensis ,  P. tabuliformis  had a substantially higher content of various free amino acids, while the opposite trend was detected for fatty acid content. The transcriptional profiles of larval populations feeding on  P. koraiensis  and  P. tabuliformis  were compared using PacBio Sequel II sequencing combined with Illumina sequencing. The results showed that genes relating to digestion, fatty acid synthesis, detoxification, oxidation-reduction, and stress response, as well as nutrients and energy sensing ability, were differentially expressed, possibly reflecting adaptive changes of  M. saltuarius  in response to different host diets. Additionally, genes coding for cuticle structure were differentially expressed, indicating that cuticle may be a potential target for plant defense. Differential regulation of genes related to the antibacterial and immune response were also observed, suggesting that larvae of  M. saltuarius  may have evolved adaptations to cope with bacterial challenges in their host environments.    Conclusions  The present study provides comprehensive transcriptome resource of  M. saltuarius  relating to host plant adaptation. Results from this study help to illustrate the fundamental relationship between transcriptional plasticity and adaptation mechanisms of insect herbivores to host plants.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07498-1.

bmc genomics

Comparative transcriptome analysis of the newly discovered insect vector of the pine wood nematode in China, revealing putative genes related to host plant adaptation