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Background  The wheat dwarfing gene increases lodging resistance, the grain number per spike and harvest index. Dwarf Polish wheat ( Triticum polonicum  L., 2n = 4x = 28, AABB, DPW), initially collected from Tulufan, Xinjiang, China, carries a semi-dwarfing gene  Rht-dp  on chromosome 4BS. However,  Rht-dp  and its dwarfing mechanism are unknown.    Results  Homologous cloning and mapping revealed that  Rht-dp  is the ‘Green Revolution’ gene  Rht-B1b . A haplotype analysis in 59 tetraploid wheat accessions showed that  Rht-B1b  was only present in  T. polonicum . Transcriptomic analysis of two pairs of near-isogenic lines (NILs) of DPW × Tall Polish wheat ( Triticum polonicum  L., 2n = 4x = 28, AABB, TPW) revealed 41 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as potential dwarfism-related genes. Among them, 28 functionally annotated DEGs were classed into five sub-groups: hormone-related signalling transduction genes, transcription factor genes, cell wall structure-related genes, reactive oxygen-related genes, and nitrogen regulation-related genes.    Conclusions  These results indicated that  Rht-dp  is  Rht-B1b , which regulates pathways related to hormones, reactive oxygen species, and nitrogen assimilation to modify the cell wall structure, and then limits cell wall loosening and inhibits cell elongation, thereby causing dwarfism in DPW.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07367-x.

The semi-dwarfing gene Rht-dp from dwarf polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L.) is the "Green Revolution” gene Rht-B1b