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Background  Physic nut ( Jatropha curcas ), an inedible oilseed plant, is among the most promising alternative energy sources because of its high oil content, rapid growth and extensive adaptability. Proteins encoded by MADS-box family genes are important transcription factors participated in regulating plant growth, seed development and responses to abiotic stress. However, there has been no in-depth research on the MADS-box genes and their roles in physic nut.    Results  In our study, 63  MADS-box  genes ( JcMADSs ) were identified in the physic nut genome, and classed into five groups (MIKC C , Mα, Mβ, Mγ, MIKC*) according to phylogenetic comparison with  Arabidopsis  homologs. Expression profile analysis based on RNA-seq suggested that many  JcMADS  genes had the strongest expression in seeds, and seven of them responded in leaves to at least one abiotic stressor (drought and/or salinity) at one or more time points. Transient expression analysis and a transactivation assay indicated that  JcMADS40  is a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator. Plants overexpressing  JcMADS40  did not show altered plant growth, but the overexpressing plants did exhibit reductions in grain size, grain length, grain width, 1000-seed weight and yield per plant. Further data on the reduced grain size in  JcMADS40 -overexpressing plants supported the putative role of  JcMADS  genes in seed development.    Conclusions  This study will be useful in order to further understand the process of  MADS-box  genes involved in regulating growth and development in addition to their functions in abiotic stress resistance, and will eventually provide a theoretical basis for the functional investigation and the exploitation of candidate genes for the molecular improvement of physic nut.

Genome-wide analysis of Jatropha curcas MADS-box gene family and functional characterization of the JcMADS40 gene in transgenic rice