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Background  Plants have developed various sophisticated mechanisms to cope up with climate extremes and different stress conditions, especially by involving specific transcription factors (TFs). The members of the WRKY TF family are well known for their role in plant development, phytohormone signaling and developing resistance against biotic or abiotic stresses. In this study, we performed a genome-wide screening to identify and analyze the WRKY TFs in pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum; PgWRKY ), which is one of the most widely grown cereal crops in the semi-arid regions.    Results  A total number of 97 putative PgWRKY proteins were identified and classified into three major Groups (I-III) based on the presence of WRKY DNA binding domain and zinc-finger motif structures. Members of Group II have been further subdivided into five subgroups (IIa-IIe) based on the phylogenetic analysis.  In-silico  analysis of PgWRKYs revealed the presence of various cis-regulatory elements in their promoter region like ABRE, DRE, ERE, EIRE, Dof, AUXRR, G-box, etc., suggesting their probable involvement in growth, development and stress responses of pearl millet. Chromosomal mapping evidenced uneven distribution of identified 97  PgWRKY  genes across all the seven chromosomes of pearl millet. Synteny analysis of PgWRKYs established their orthologous and paralogous relationship among the WRKY gene family of  Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa  and  Setaria italica . Gene ontology (GO) annotation functionally categorized these PgWRKYs under cellular components, molecular functions and biological processes. Further, the differential expression pattern of  PgWRKY s was noticed in different tissues (leaf, stem, root) and under both drought and salt stress conditions. The expression pattern of  PgWRKY33 ,  PgWRKY62  and  PgWRKY65  indicates their probable involvement in both dehydration and salinity stress responses in pearl millet.    Conclusion  Functional characterization of identified  PgWRKY s can be useful in delineating their role behind the natural stress tolerance of pearl millet against harsh environmental conditions. Further, these  PgWRKY s can be employed in genome editing for millet crop improvement.

bmc genomics

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of WRKY transcription factors in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) under dehydration and salinity stress