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Background  The lateral organ boundaries domain ( LBD ) gene is a plant-specific transcription factor that plays a critical role in diverse biological processes. However, the evolution and functional divergence of the  LBD  gene family has not yet been characterized for the Chinese White Pear.    Results  In our study, a total of 60  PbrLBDs  were identified in the pear genome. The  PbrLBD  gene family was divided into two classes based on gene structure and phylogenetic analysis: class I (53) and class II (7).  Cis -acting element analysis results suggested that  PbrLBDs  may participate in various biological processes, such as flavonoid biosynthetic and stress response. Synteny analysis results indicated that segmental duplication played a key role in the expansion of the  PbrLBD  gene family. The mean Ks and 4DTv values showed that the  PbrLBD  gene family had undergone only one recent whole-genome duplication event occurring at 30–45 MYA. Purifying selection was a primary force during the  PbrLBD  gene family evolution process. Transcriptome data analysis revealed that 10  PbrLBDs  were expressed in all six examined tissues, and 73.33% of members in the  PbrLBD  gene family were expressed in pear sepal. qRT-PCR was conducted to verify the expression levels of 11  PbrLBDs  in these six tissues. Specifically,  PbrLBD20 ,  PbrLBD35  and  PbrLBD53  genes were down-regulated when anthocyanin concentrations were high, whereas  PbrLBD33  was significantly up-regulated in pear when anthocyanin concentrations were high. Furthermore,  PbrLBD20 , one of the candidate genes related to anthocyanins was localized in the nucleus.    Conclusions  Our analysis provides valuable information for understanding the evolution of the  PbrLBD  gene family, and provides new insights into the regulation of pear pigment metabolism and lays a foundation for the future disclosure of the molecular mechanism of  LBD  gene regulating flavonoid metabolism.

Mining and evolution analysis of lateral organ boundaries domain (LBD) genes in Chinese white pear (Pyrus bretschneideri)