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Background  ERF transcription factors (TFs) belong to the Apetala2/Ethylene responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) TF family and play a vital role in plant growth and development processes. Capsorubin and capsaicinoids have relatively high economic and nutritional value, and they are specifically found in  Capsicum . However, there is little understanding of how ERFs participate in the regulatory networks of capsorubin and capsaicinoids biosynthesis.    Results  In this study, a total of 142 ERFs were identified in the  Capsicum annuum  genome. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis allowed us to divide ERFs into DREB (dehydration responsive element binding proteins) and ERF subfamilies, and further classify them into 11 groups with several subgroups. Expression analysis of biosynthetic pathway genes and  CaERFs  facilitated the identification of candidate genes related to the regulation of capsorubin and capsaicinoids biosynthesis; the candidates were focused in cluster C9 and cluster C10, as well as cluster L3 and cluster L4, respectively. The expression patterns of  CaERF82 ,  CaERF97 ,  CaERF66 ,  CaERF107  and  CaERF101 , which were found in cluster C9 and cluster C10, were consistent with those of accumulating of carotenoids (β-carotene, zeaxanthin and capsorubin) in the pericarp. In cluster L3 and cluster L4, the expression patterns of  CaERF102 ,  CaERF53 ,  CaERF111  and  CaERF92  were similar to those of the accumulating capsaicinoids. Furthermore,  CaERF92 ,  CaERF102  and  CaERF111  were found to be potentially involved in temperature-mediated capsaicinoids biosynthesis.    Conclusion  This study will provide an extremely useful foundation for the study of candidate ERFs in the regulation of carotenoids and capsaicinoids biosynthesis in peppers.

bmc genomics

Systematic analysis of the Capsicum ERF transcription factor family: identification of regulatory factors involved in the regulation of species-specific metabolites