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Background   Vibrio spp.  is the major infection-producing marine bacteria in commercially important bivalve  Paphia undulata.  The host resistance is the major determining factor for the development of pathogenesis. To explore defense mechanisms, researchers have focused primarily on the study of differential expression of individual or specific groups of host immune genes during pathogen-challenge.    Results  We compared the expression profile in the surf clams infected with avirulent  V. alginolyticus  and virulent  V. parahaemolyticus  to mark the possible molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. Comparison of the differentially expressed genes between the two groups of  Vibrio- infected clams revealed that the number of down-regulate genes in  V. parahaemolyticus  injected clams (1433) were significantly higher than the other group (169). Based on Gene Ontology classification, a large proportion of these down-regulate genes were found to be associated with cellular and molecular mechanisms for pathogen recognition, and immunity development thereby explaining the low survival rate for the  V. parahaemolyticus -treated clams and suggesting a higher virulence of this bacterium towards the surf clams. Quantitative real-time PCR of 24 candidate genes related to immunity involving the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, complementary cascade, cytokine signaling pathway, oxidative stress, phagocytosis and apoptosis down regulated under  V. parahaemolyticus  infection, indicating compromised host defense .  Furthermore, we could demonstrate a central role of JAK-STAT pathway in bacterial clearance. dsRNA mediated depletion of a clam STAT homolog gene results in dramatic increase in the infection by  V. alginolyticus , a mildly pathogenic strain under control conditions.    Conclusions  The difference in gene expression profiles in surf clams treated with two  Vibrio  species with a differential pathogenicity to  P. undulate  and downstream molecular analysis could enlighten on the probable molecular mechanisms of the  Vibrio  pathogenesis and the virulence of  V. parahaemolyticus  in surf clams, which also benefits to develop new strategies for disease control in surf calm aquaculture.

bmc genomics

Comparative transcriptomic analysis of surf clams (Paphia undulate) infected with two strains of Vibrio spp. reveals the identity of key immune genes involved in host defense