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Background  The merging of two divergent genomes during hybridization can result in the remodeling of parental gene expression in hybrids. A molecular basis underling expression change in hybrid is regulatory divergence, which may change with the parental genetic divergence. However, there still no unanimous conclusion for this hypothesis.    Results  Three species of  Camellia  with a range of genetic divergence and their F 1  hybrids were used to study the effect of parental genetic divergence on gene expression and regulatory patterns in hybrids by RNA-sequencing and allelic expression analysis. We found that though the proportion of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the hybrids and their parents did not increase, a greater proportion of DEGs would be non-additively (especially transgressively) expressed in the hybrids as genomes between the parents become more divergent. In addition, the proportion of genes with significant evidence of  cis -regulatory divergence increased, whereas with  trans -regulatory divergence decreased with parental genetic divergence.    Conclusions  The discordance within hybrid would intensify as the parents become more divergent, manifesting as more DEGs would be non-additively expressed.  Trans -regulatory divergence contributed more to the additively inherited genes than  cis , however, its contribution to expression difference would be weakened as  cis  mutations accumulated over time; and this might be an important reason for that the more divergent the parents are, the greater proportion of DEGs would be non-additively expressed in hybrid.

Effects of parental genetic divergence on gene expression patterns in interspecific hybrids of Camellia