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Background  Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule and exists across kingdoms. Studies on melatonin in plants have mainly focused on its physiological influence on growth and development, and on its biosynthesis. A number of studies have been conducted on the melatonin content and exogenous melatonin treatment of grapevine ( Vitis vinifera  L.). However, key genes or enzymes of the melatonin biosynthetic pathway remain unclear.    Results  In this study, we cloned and identified the gene encoding serotonin  N -acetyltransferase (SNAT) in grapevine ( VvSNAT2 ) .  The VvSNAT2 protein was identified from a collection of 30 members of the grapevine GCN5-related  N -acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily. Phylogenetic and protein sublocalization analyses showed that the candidate gene  VvGNAT16  is  VvSNAT2 . Characterization of VvSNAT2 showed that its enzymatic activity is highest at a pH of 8.8 and a temperature of 45 °C. Analysis of enzyme kinetics showed the values of  K  m  and  V  max  of VvSNAT2 using serotonin were 392.5 μM and 836 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The expression of VvSNAT2 was induced by melatonin treatment and pathogen inoculation. Overexpression of  VvSNAT2  in Arabidopsis resulted in greater accumulation of melatonin and chlorophyll and enhanced resistance to powdery mildew in the transgenic plants compared with the wild type (WT). Additionally, our data showed that the marker genes in the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway were expressed to higher levels in the transgenic plants compared with the WT.    Conclusions  The  VvSNAT2  gene was cloned and identified in grapevine for the first time. Our results indicate that  VvSNAT2  overexpression activates the SA and JA signaling pathways; however, the SA pathway plays a central role in  VvSNAT2 -mediated plant defense.

Molecular cloning and characterization of a grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) serotonin N-acetyltransferase (VvSNAT2) gene involved in plant defense