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Background  Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) perform crucial roles in biological process involving complex mechanisms. However, information regarding their abundance, characteristics and potential functions linked to fish skin color is limited. Herein, Illumina sequencing and bioinformatics were conducted on black, white, and red skin of Koi carp ( Cyprinus carpio  L.).    Results  A total of 590,415,050 clean reads, 446,614 putative transcripts, 4252 known and 72,907 novel lncRNAs were simultaneously obtained, including 92 significant differentially expressed lncRNAs and 722 mRNAs.  Ccr_lnc5622441  and  Ccr_lnc765201  were up-regulated in black and red skin,  Ccr_lnc14074601  and  Ccr_lnc2382951  were up-regulated in white skin, and premelanosome protein a ( Pmela ),  Pmelb  and tyrosinase ( Tyr ) were up-regulated in black skin. The expression patterns of 18 randomly selected differentially expressed genes were validated using the quantitative real-time PCR method. Moreover, 70 lncRNAs acting on 107 target mRNAs in  cis  and 79 lncRNAs acting on 41,625 target mRNAs in  trans  were investigated. The resulting co-expression networks revealed that a single lncRNA can connect with numerous mRNAs, and vice versa. To further reveal their potential functions, Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were analyzed, and membrane, pigment cell development, cAMP signaling, melanogenesis and tyrosine metabolism appear to affect skin pigmentation. Additionally, three lncRNAs ( Ccr_lnc142711 ,  Ccr_lnc17214525  and  Ccr_lnc14830101 ) and three mRNAs ( Asip ,  Mitf  and  Tyr ) involved in the melanogenesis pathway were investigated in terms of potential functions in embryogenesis and different tissues.    Conclusions  The findings broaden our understanding of lncRNAs and skin color genetics, and provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying lncRNA-mediated pigmentation and differentiation in Koi carp.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5894-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Integrated analysis of long non-coding RNA and mRNA expression in different colored skin of koi carp