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Background  The glyoxalase system usually comprises two enzymes, glyoxalase I (GLYI) and glyoxalase II (GLYII). This system converts cytotoxic methylglyoxal (MG) into non-toxic D-lactate in the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH) in two enzymatic steps. Recently, a novel type of glyoxalase III (GLYIII) activity has observed in  Escherichia coli  that can detoxify MG into D-lactate directly, in one step, without a cofactor. Investigation of the glyoxalase enzymes of a number of plant species shows the importance of their roles in response both to abiotic and to biotic stresses. Until now, glyoxalase gene families have been identified in the genomes of four plants,  Arabidopsis ,  Oryza sativa ,  Glycine max  and  Medicago truncatula  but no similar study has been done with the grapevine  Vitis vinifera  L.    Results  In this study, four  GLYI-like , two  GLYII-like  and three  GLYIII-like  genes are identified from the genome database of grape. All these genes were analysed in detail, including their chromosomal locations, phylogenetic relationships, exon-intron distributions, protein domain organisations and the presence of conserved binding sites. Using quantitative real-time PCR analysis (qRT-PCR), the expression profiles of these genes were analysed in different tissues of grape ,  and also when under infection stress from downy mildew ( Plasmopara viticola ). The study reveals that most  VvGLY-like  genes had higher expressions in stem, leaf, tendril and ovule but lower expressions in the flower. In addition, most of the  VvGLY-like  gene members were  P. viticola  responsive with high expressions 6-12 h and 96-120 h after inoculation. However,  VvGLYI-like1  was highly expressed 48 h after inoculation, similar to  VvPR1  and  VvNPR1  which are involved in the defence response.    Conclusions  This study identified the  GLYI-like ,  GLYII-like  and  GLYIII-like  full gene families of the grapevine .  Based on a phylogenetic analysis and the presence of conserved binding sites, we speculate that these  glyoxalase-like  genes in grape encode active glyoxalases. Moreover, our study provides a basis for discussing the roles of  VvGLYI-like ,  VvGLYII-like  and  VvGLYIII-like  genes in grape’s response to downy mildew infection. Our results shed light on the selection of candidate genes for downy mildew tolerance in grape and lay the foundation for further functional investigations of these glyoxalase genes.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5733-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc genomics

Genome-wide analysis of glyoxalase-like gene families in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and their expression profiling in response to downy mildew infection