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Background  Chinese kale ( Brassica alboglabra ) contains high nutritional elements and functional molecules, especially anticarcinogenic and antioxidant glucosinolates (GS), which was highly affected by environment temperature. To investigate the link of GS biosynthesis with heat stress response in Chinese kale, global transcription profiles of high-GS line (HG), low-GS line (LG), high-GS line under heat stress (HGT) and low-GS line under heat stress (LGT) were analyzed.    Results  Based on three biological replicates of each RNA sequencing data, 3901, 4062 and 2396 differentially expressed genes in HG vs HGT, LG vs LGT and HGT vs LGT were obtained, respectively. GO annotation, KEGG pathway analysis and a comprehensive analysis of DEGs showed a strong correlation between the GS biosynthesis and heat stress response. It was noticed that 11 differentially expressed genes tied to the GS biosynthesis were down-regulated, 23 heat shock transcription factors and 61 heat shock proteins were up-regulated upon the heat treatment. Another two Chinese kale varieties Cuibao and Shunbao with high- and low- GS content respectively, were used to validate the relationship of GS content and heat-response, and the results showed that high-GS content variety were more thermotolerant than the low-GS content one although GS significantly decreased in both varieties under heat stress. In addition,  HSP100/ClpB ,  HSP90 ,  HSP70  and  sHSPs  were differentially expressed in high- and low-GS varieties. Notably,  HSP90  and  sHSPs  showed an obviously early response to heat stress than other related genes.    Conclusion  The higher heat resistance of high-GS Chinese kale and the sharp decrease of glucosinolate content under heat stress indicated a strong relationship of GS accumulation and heat stress response. Combined with the previous report on the low expression of  HSP90  at elevated temperatures in GS-deficient mutant  TU8  of  Arabidopsis , the differential expression pattern of  HSP90  in high- and low- GS varieties and its early heat response implied it might be a key regulator in GS metabolism and heat-resistance in Chinese kale.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5652-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Comparative transcriptome analyses revealed different heat stress responses in high- and low-GS Brassica alboglabra sprouts