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Background  Wild birds, in particular pigeons are considered a natural reservoir for  stx  2f -carrying  E. coli . An extensive comparison of isolates from pigeons and humans from the same region is lacking, which hampers justifiable conclusions on the epidemiology of these pathogens.  Over two hundred human and pigeon  stx  2f -carrying  E. coli  isolates predominantly from the Netherlands were analysed by whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis including in silico MLST, serotyping, virulence genes typing and whole genome MLST (wgMLST).    Results  Serotypes and sequence types of  stx  2f -carrying  E. coli  showed a strong non-random distribution among the human and pigeon isolates with O63:H6/ST583, O113:H6/ST121 and O125:H6/ST583 overrepresented among the human isolates and not found among pigeons. Pigeon isolates were characterized by an overrepresentation of O4:H2/ST20 and O45:H2/ST20.  Nearly all isolates harboured the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) but different  eae  and  tir  subtypes were non-randomly distributed among human and pigeon isolates.  Phylogenetic core genome comparison demonstrated that the pigeon isolates and clinical isolates largely occurred in separated clusters. In addition, serotypes/STs exclusively found among humans generally were characterized by high level of clonality, smaller genome sizes and lack of several non-LEE-encoded virulence genes. A bundle-forming pilus operon, including  bfpA , indicative for typical enteropathogenic  E. coli  (tEPEC) was demonstrated in 72.0% of the  stx  2f -carrying serotypes but with distinct operon types between the main pigeon and human isolate clusters.    Conclusions  Comparative genomics revealed that isolates from mild human disease are dominated by serotypes not encountered in the pigeon reservoir. It is therefore unlikely that zoonotic transmission from this reservoir plays an important role in the contribution to the majority of human disease associated with  stx  2f -producing  E. coli  in the Netherlands. Unexpectedly, this study identified the common occurrence of STEC 2f /tEPEC hybrid pathotype in various serotypes and STs. Further research should focus on the possible role of human-to-human transmission of Stx2f-producing  E. coli .    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5635-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc genomics

Comparative genomics reveals a lack of evidence for pigeons as a main source of stx2f-carrying Escherichia coli causing disease in humans and the common existence of hybrid Shiga toxin-producing and enteropathogenic E. coli pathotypes